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How Poland became the first country application of a new World Bank Group–ILO technical collaboration designed to assess the potential macroeconomic impacts of Artificial Intelligence. The report was launched in Warsaw on June 22, 2026. I participated in a panel discussion that placed its findings in the context of Poland. Photo by the Polish Ministry of Finance. Poland has become the first country where the World Bank Group has applied its new macroeconomic framework, using

How large language models have changed human–computer communication — and what it means for work.* *Essay originally published on the ILO Observatory on AI and Work in the Digital Economy In the 1960s, Douglas Engelbart – a computer engineer at the Stanford Research Institute – presented a curious device. It was a small wooden block, with a pair of rollers resting on the surface beneath it. A clunky button and a cable gave it the look of a mouse. Brilliant in its simplicity,